{ "version": 2, "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "scope": "All 128 tracked countries. Focused practical language-use review of 13 common options and selected everyday regional languages; not an exhaustive census or universal fluency assessment.", "aliases": { "cmn": [ "Mandarin", "Chinese", "Putonghua" ], "yue": [ "Cantonese", "Chinese" ], "es": [ "Castilian", "Castellano", "Español" ], "fr": [ "Français" ], "pt": [ "Português" ], "de": [ "Deutsch" ], "ar": [ "Arabic dialects", "Darija" ], "sw": [ "Kiswahili" ], "fa": [ "Farsi" ], "fil": [ "Tagalog" ], "ms": [ "Bahasa Melayu" ], "id": [ "Bahasa Indonesia" ], "tn": [ "Setswana" ], "nd": [ "Ndebele", "Sindebele" ], "ny": [ "Chichewa", "Chewa" ], "kab": [ "Amazigh", "Berber" ], "shi": [ "Amazigh", "Berber", "Tachelhit" ], "tzm": [ "Amazigh", "Berber", "Tamazight" ], "pcm": [ "Pidgin" ], "mfe": [ "Kreol", "Morisien" ], "qu": [ "Kichwa" ], "el": [ "Greek" ], "nl": [ "Nederlands" ] }, "categories": { "main": "Documented everyday/shared language use, including explicitly scoped regional communities.", "visitor": "Documented useful communication in established visitor areas or services, with scope and limits." }, "filterPolicy": "Any selected language may match. Combine with other filter groups. Region inclusion requires at least one tracked matching country; counts deduplicate member countries and scores retain all tracked members. Documented local-only notes do not qualify as country matches.", "evidencePolicy": "Prioritize tourism authorities, government and institutional visitor guidance. Inspect explicit travel-guide language sections for practical use and limits. Official status, school exposure, one operator, website translation, linguistic similarity or proficiency rank alone are insufficient. Every positive match retains source IDs; broad marketing is assessed critically.", "limitations": "Focused editorial screening, not equal-depth research into every possible pair, a population survey or a promise of communication. An omitted language is not established rather than unavailable. Local dialects, age, geography and service types matter. Some visitor matches are narrow; read country scopes. Older sources remain identifiable. Safety and access are separate.", "attribution": "Adaptations of Wikivoyage contributors’ language sections are linked and attributed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Legal-language baseline remains separately licensed Unicode data with reviewed overrides.", "records": [ { "country": "Argentina", "summary": "Spanish is the everyday language; English helps in established visitor services, especially major destinations.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Everyday communication across the country.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism-main" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourist information, major destinations and established tourism services; less reliable away from visitor routes.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "tourism-main", "label": "Visit Argentina — FAQs", "url": "https://www.argentina.travel/en/faqs", "publisher": "INPROTUR / Visit Argentina", "evidenceNote": "Describes Rioplatense Spanish and local everyday usage." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Argentina — Languages and tourist assistance", "url": "https://www.argentina.travel/en/news/idiomas-e-atendimento-para-turistas-na-argentina-quais-apps-traduzem-e-como-funciona-a-assistencia", "publisher": "INPROTUR / Visit Argentina", "evidenceNote": "English tourist-information staff, bilingual national-park information and visitor services in several destinations. Other languages mentioned mainly as prearranged guides or materials, insufficient here for a general visitor match." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Bolivia", "summary": "Spanish is the most useful travel language; Quechua and Aymara are important locally. English is limited.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Main shared language for daily travel and services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "qu", "label": "Quechua", "scope": "Quechua-speaking communities; varieties differ.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ay", "label": "Aymara", "scope": "Aymara-speaking communities.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Bolivia: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bolivia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk identifies Spanish, Quechua and Aymara as the main languages and describes English as rare even in large cities. Official recognition alone was not used to match all 37 languages.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "qu", "ay" ] }, { "country": "Brazil", "summary": "Portuguese is the everyday language; English and Spanish help in major cities and visitor areas.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "pt", "label": "Portuguese", "scope": "Everyday communication throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Major cities and tourist areas; Portuguese or translation helps elsewhere.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Major cities and tourist areas; Spanish is not the national language.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Brazil: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Brazil#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes Portuguese as essential for independent travel and English less dependable beyond tourism.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Brasil — Language", "url": "https://visitbrasil.com/en/info/language/", "publisher": "Embratur / Visit Brasil", "evidenceNote": "Explicitly describes English and Spanish spoken by many people in tourist areas and major cities; advises translation in less visited areas." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "pt", "en", "es" ] }, { "country": "Canada", "summary": "English is strongest across most of Canada; French is central in Quebec and parts of New Brunswick.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Most provinces and visitor hubs; French becomes more important beyond Quebec’s main tourist centres.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "census" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Quebec, northern New Brunswick and other francophone communities.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "census" ] }, { "id": "iu", "label": "Inuktitut", "scope": "Inuit communities, especially Nunavut; dialects and local language use vary.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Canada: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Canada#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk distinguishes English-majority Canada, French-majority Quebec and parts of New Brunswick, and Inuktitut in Nunavut; neither English nor French is universal nationally.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "census", "label": "Statistics Canada — 2021 Census language findings", "url": "https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220817/dq220817a-eng.htm", "publisher": "Statistics Canada", "evidenceNote": "Census describes English and French as the two principal communication/service languages, with marked regional differences. Population data do not establish other languages as broad visitor options." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en", "fr", "iu" ] }, { "country": "Chile", "summary": "Spanish is the everyday language; English and Portuguese services are available along tourist routes.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Everyday language throughout the country; local speech can be fast.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism", "tourism-english" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Major airports, hotels, agencies and established tourist routes; less dependable in rural towns.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism-english" ] }, { "id": "pt", "label": "Portuguese", "scope": "Tourist-area services; confirm availability for the particular service.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Chile: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chile#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes Spanish nationwide and English concentrated in cities and tourism.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Chile Travel — Pack your bags", "url": "https://chile.travel/en/blog/pack-your-bags-all-you-need-to-know-for-your-trip-to-chile/", "publisher": "Sernatur / Chile Travel", "evidenceNote": "National visitor guidance explicitly identifies English and Portuguese services in tourist areas." }, { "id": "tourism-english", "label": "Chile Travel — What to do in Chile", "url": "https://chile.travel/en/blog/what-to-do-in-chile-from-the-atacama-desert-to-patagonia/", "publisher": "Sernatur / Chile Travel", "evidenceNote": "Specifies English-speaking staff in airports, hotels, tour agencies and national parks, and lower English use off tourist routes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en", "pt" ] }, { "country": "Colombia", "summary": "Spanish is most reliable. English helps in some visitor areas, with stronger local use on the Caribbean islands.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Everyday communication and travel across the mainland.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Cali tourist areas and many San Andrés native inns; mainland English coverage is uneven.", "sourceIds": [ "cali", "island" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Colombia: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Colombia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk identifies Spanish as the common language and warns that basic English education does not ensure practical English communication.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "cali", "label": "Cali government — Information in English", "url": "https://www.cali.gov.co/gobierno/publicaciones/148685/information-in-english/", "publisher": "Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali", "evidenceNote": "Municipal visitor information says English speakers are commonly found in tourist areas and hotels; recommends basic Spanish." }, { "id": "island", "label": "Wikivoyage — San Andrés: Sleep", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s#Sleep", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Describes many Raizal native-inn hosts speaking English and Creole; not a claim about every islander or mainland destination." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Costa Rica", "summary": "Spanish is the everyday language; English is widely useful in tourist areas, with Creole on the Caribbean coast.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Everyday communication throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Established tourist areas and visitor services; less reliable in ordinary local settings.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Costa Rica: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Costa_Rica#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes Spanish virtually nationwide, English at most tourism establishments, and separate Limonese Creole on the Caribbean coast.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Costa Rica — FAQ", "url": "https://www.visitcostarica.com/faq/html/costa-rica.html", "publisher": "Instituto Costarricense de Turismo", "evidenceNote": "Explicitly describes Spanish throughout the country, English in various tourist areas and separate Indigenous/Creole languages." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Cuba", "summary": "Spanish is the everyday language; English helps with hotels and guides in hubs such as Havana and Varadero.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Everyday communication throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Hotels and guides in major visitor hubs such as Havana and Varadero; Spanish useful in homestays and local settings.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Cuba: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cuba#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes conversational English among tourism staff in major hubs and much less dependable English elsewhere; Spanish is useful for independent travel.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Dominican Republic", "summary": "Spanish is the everyday language; English is widely useful in tourist areas. Other languages help with booked services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Everyday communication throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourist areas, hotels, restaurants and guides; Spanish useful away from the tourist circuit.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism", "faq" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Tour-guide and hotel services across several regions; confirm the language when booking.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Tour-guide and hotel services across several regions; confirm the language when booking.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "it", "label": "Italian", "scope": "Tour-guide and hotel services across several regions; confirm the language when booking.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Tour-guide and hotel services across several regions; confirm the language when booking.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Dominican Republic: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes Spanish and bilingual tourism services. Other visitor languages rely on the tourism ministry’s explicit multi-region service statement.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Dominican Republic Tourism — Travel tips", "url": "https://www.godominicanrepublic.com/travel/travel-tips", "publisher": "Ministry of Tourism, Dominican Republic", "evidenceNote": "Says English is widely spoken in tourist areas and guides/hotel staff across multiple regions use Italian, French, German and Russian. These matches cover tourism services, not everyday nationwide use." }, { "id": "faq", "label": "Dominican Republic Tourism — FAQs", "url": "https://www.godominicanrepublic.com/travel/faqs", "publisher": "Ministry of Tourism, Dominican Republic", "evidenceNote": "Confirms English among hotel/restaurant/tourist-area staff and guides in major cities and most tourist destinations." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en", "fr", "de", "it", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Ecuador", "summary": "Spanish is most reliable; English helps in Galápagos visitor services. Kichwa is important in Andean communities.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Main everyday language throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "qu", "label": "Quechua", "scope": "Kichwa-speaking rural Andean communities; Quechua varieties are not interchangeable.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Galápagos hotels, restaurants and visitor shops; do not assume comparable mainland coverage.", "sourceIds": [ "galapagos" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Ecuador: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ecuador#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk supports Spanish and Quechua in rural mountain communities, but describes mainland English mainly in businesses serving high-end visitors.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "galapagos", "label": "Galapatours — What language is spoken in Galápagos?", "url": "https://www.galapatours.com/faq/what-language-is-spoken-in-galapagos", "publisher": "Galapatours / Ventura Travel", "evidenceNote": "Destination specialist explicitly describes English at Galápagos hotels, restaurants and tourist shops; separately says some cruise crew do not speak fluent English. Commercial destination evidence, not a population survey." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "qu", "en" ] }, { "country": "El Salvador", "summary": "Spanish is the everyday language; English is useful at established tourist sites, with less certainty elsewhere.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Everyday communication throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Established tourist sites and services; Spanish or translation useful elsewhere.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — El Salvador: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/El_Salvador#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk identifies Spanish and many English speakers, but the more specific visitor-area scope comes from official tourism.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "El Salvador Travel — About El Salvador", "url": "https://www.elsalvador.travel/about-el-salvador/en/", "publisher": "El Salvador official tourism promotion", "evidenceNote": "Explicitly says many English speakers can be found at tourist sites; no nationwide proficiency claim." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Guatemala", "summary": "Spanish serves the main travel circuit; English helps in tourist hotspots. Maya languages remain important locally.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Main tourist destinations and general travel services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "quc", "label": "K’iche’", "scope": "K’iche’-speaking Maya communities; local rather than nationwide use.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "kek", "label": "Q’eqchi’", "scope": "Q’eqchi’-speaking Maya communities; local rather than nationwide use.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "cak", "label": "Kaqchikel", "scope": "Kaqchikel-speaking Maya communities; local rather than nationwide use.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourist hotspots, particularly the established travel circuit; Spanish useful for rural travel.", "sourceIds": [ "travel-guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Guatemala: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guatemala#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk supports Spanish in major tourist destinations and identifies K’iche’, Q’eqchi’ and Kaqchikel as the largest Indigenous languages; some rural communities use little Spanish.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "travel-guide", "label": "Rough Guides — Things to know before visiting Guatemala", "url": "https://www.roughguides.com/guatemala/things-to-know-before-visiting/", "publisher": "Rough Guides", "evidenceNote": "Describes English speakers in tourist hotspots and recommends Spanish for travel away from the beaten track. No numerical threshold inferred." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "quc", "kek", "cak", "en" ] }, { "country": "Guyana", "summary": "English is widely usable; Guyanese Creole is common in everyday speech and may take some getting used to.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "General visitor communication and services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "gyn", "label": "Guyanese Creole", "scope": "Common local everyday speech; distinct from standard English.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Guyana: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guyana#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes English as broadly spoken and Guyanese Creole as the native everyday variety for many residents.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Guyana Tourism — FAQ", "url": "https://guyanatourism.com/faq/", "publisher": "Guyana Tourism Authority", "evidenceNote": "Identifies English as the official first language and also notes Creolese and Indigenous languages." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en", "gyn" ] }, { "country": "Honduras", "summary": "Spanish is most useful on the mainland; English is much more practical in the Bay Islands.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Mainland daily communication and general travel services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Bay Islands, particularly Roatán and Utila; not a mainland-wide option.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Honduras: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Honduras#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk explicitly distinguishes the Bay Islands and largest towns from the mainland where English is uncommon. Accent and Creole varieties can affect mutual understanding.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Jamaica", "summary": "English is broadly usable; Jamaican Patois is widely spoken informally and differs from standard English.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "General visitor communication, business and services.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism-english" ] }, { "id": "jam", "label": "Jamaican Patois", "scope": "Everyday informal speech and local community life.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Jamaica: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jamaica#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk distinguishes widely spoken Jamaican Creole from standard English and notes that unfamiliar accents can take adjustment.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Jamaica — Jamaican Patois", "url": "https://www.visitjamaica.com/discover-jamaica/people-heritage/language/", "publisher": "Jamaica Tourist Board", "evidenceNote": "Explains Patois as a living everyday language and its regional variation, separately from English." }, { "id": "tourism-english", "label": "Visit Jamaica — Why Jamaica", "url": "https://www.visitjamaica.com/groups-incentives/why-jamaica/", "publisher": "Jamaica Tourist Board", "evidenceNote": "Identifies English as the language of business and communication." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en", "jam" ] }, { "country": "Mexico", "summary": "Spanish is most reliable; English is useful at popular visitor attractions and resorts, with uneven local coverage.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Main everyday language and public communication throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Popular tourist destinations, attractions and guides; less dependable for everyday independent travel.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Mexico: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mexico#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes Spanish as used by virtually the whole population and English usually understood by guides and staff at popular attractions. Other foreign languages known by some workers were not treated as broad visitor matches.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Nicaragua", "summary": "Spanish is most useful across the mainland; English is more practical on the Corn Islands.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Predominant everyday language across most of the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Corn Islands visitor communication; Creole and accents differ from standard English.", "sourceIds": [ "corn" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Nicaragua: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nicaragua#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk warns against expecting much English beyond larger hotels on the mainland and documents Creole English along the Caribbean coast.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Nicaragua — General information", "url": "https://www.visitanicaragua.com/en/about-Nicaragua/general-data/", "publisher": "Instituto Nicaragüense de Turismo", "evidenceNote": "Describes Spanish as predominant, with Indigenous languages and Creole English on the Caribbean coast." }, { "id": "corn", "label": "Discover Corn Island — Destination introduction", "url": "https://www.discovercornisland.com/", "publisher": "Discover Corn Island destination website", "evidenceNote": "Explicitly describes English as a first language on Great Corn Island; paired with official tourism’s Caribbean language context. Coverage is island-specific, not national." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Panama", "summary": "Spanish is most reliable; English helps in Panama City visitor services, but everyday coverage is uneven.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Predominant everyday language throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Panama City hotels and restaurants; local shops and street-level communication vary.", "sourceIds": [ "conference", "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Panama: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Panama#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk identifies Spanish as the predominant language and English first/second-language speakers around the canal, but cautions that shops and street contacts may not speak English.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "conference", "label": "Convention on Biological Diversity — SBSTTA-27 participant information", "url": "https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/4d38/b61e/0ff81eebbb348e32fbf7ea01/sbstta-27-info-note-en.pdf", "publisher": "Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity", "evidenceNote": "2025 participant guidance for Panama City explicitly states English is spoken in hotels and restaurants. This supports service-area use, not a national population claim." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Paraguay", "summary": "Spanish and Guarani are most useful; Portuguese helps in the east and north. English is limited.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Most cities and general travel services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "gn", "label": "Guarani", "scope": "Widely used in everyday speech, especially outside major cities; often mixed with Spanish.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "pt", "label": "Portuguese", "scope": "Northern and eastern communities near Brazil; not nationwide.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Mennonite communities; standard German exists alongside distinct Low German varieties.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Paraguay: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Paraguay#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk documents Spanish, extensive Guarani/Jopara use, Portuguese in north/east communities, and standard/Low German in Mennonite communities. It describes English usage as very limited.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "gn", "pt", "de" ] }, { "country": "Peru", "summary": "Spanish is most reliable; English helps on the main visitor circuit. Quechua and Aymara are useful locally.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Main travel services and everyday communication.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "qu", "label": "Quechua", "scope": "Andean Sierra communities; Quechua varieties differ.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ay", "label": "Aymara", "scope": "Altiplano communities around the southern highlands.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Established visitor circuit and selected community tourism services; confirm services outside major hubs.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "community-cusco", "community-puno", "community-north" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Peru: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Peru#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes English as limited even at popular visitor sites and Spanish as important for independent travel; it identifies Quechua in the Sierra and Aymara on the Altiplano.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "community-cusco", "label": "Peru Travel — Huilloc", "url": "https://www.peru.travel/experiences/huilloc", "publisher": "PROMPERÚ", "evidenceNote": "Official listing identifies a Quechua community near the Sacred Valley and an English/Spanish tourism contact." }, { "id": "community-puno", "label": "Peru Travel — Llachón", "url": "https://www.peru.travel/experiences/llachon", "publisher": "PROMPERÚ", "evidenceNote": "Several community tourism associations list English/Spanish contacts; others specify Spanish-only. Demonstrates variation, not universal English." }, { "id": "community-north", "label": "Peru Travel — Chaparrí", "url": "https://www.peru.travel/experiences/chaparri", "publisher": "PROMPERÚ", "evidenceNote": "Community reserve tourism lists English/Spanish contact services, corroborating availability beyond a single city or provider." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "qu", "ay", "en" ] }, { "country": "Trinidad and Tobago", "summary": "English is broadly usable; local Creole speech and idioms may take some getting used to.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "General visitor communication throughout both islands.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Trinidad and Tobago: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes standard English as known virtually throughout the country, with Creole used informally. Occasional Hindi, Spanish, German or French-family speech is not sufficient for a general visitor match.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Tobago — Travel information and tips", "url": "https://visittobago.gov.tt/go-plan/travel-information-tips", "publisher": "Tobago Tourism Agency", "evidenceNote": "Explains English and the local idioms used in Tobago visitor communication." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en" ] }, { "country": "United States", "summary": "English is most reliable. Spanish helps in established Spanish-speaking areas, with no nationwide guarantee.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "General travel services and everyday communication throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Spanish-speaking communities in Florida, California, the Southwest, Texas, New York and Chicago; English still useful.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — United States: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/United_States#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes English as generally expected and Spanish as a major second language in named states and cities, with Spanish-only travel possible but sometimes difficult. It does not justify every US destination as Spanish-ready.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en", "es" ] }, { "country": "Uruguay", "summary": "Spanish is most reliable; English helps in visitor hubs, while Portuguese is useful near Brazil and major tourist spots.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Everyday communication throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourist establishments in Montevideo, Colonia and Punta del Este; basic Spanish useful for independent travel.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "pt", "label": "Portuguese", "scope": "Major tourist spots and the Brazilian border; local speech may mix Portuguese and Spanish.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Uruguay: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Uruguay#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk identifies Spanish as the national everyday language, English in tourism hubs, and Portuguese as usable at major visitor spots and the Brazilian border.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "en", "pt" ] }, { "country": "Venezuela", "summary": "Spanish is the practical travel language. English is limited, including in Caracas; translation is useful.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Main everyday language and general travel services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Venezuela: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Venezuela#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk describes English as uncommon outside Caracas and limited within the capital to particular groups; no broad visitor-area English match established. Italian influence on Spanish is not evidence of Italian travel usability.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es" ] }, { "country": "Albania", "summary": "Albanian is the main language. English helps in Tirana and tourist towns; Italian is also useful.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "sq", "label": "Albanian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tirana and frequented tourist towns; less reliable elsewhere", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "it", "label": "Italian", "scope": "Commonly spoken foreign language; individual proficiency varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Albania Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Albania#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "sq", "en", "it" ] }, { "country": "Austria", "summary": "German is used nationwide. English is widely useful, with more gaps among older rural residents.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Countrywide; dialects vary but Standard German is understood", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely useful for visitors; less reliable with older rural residents", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Austria Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Austria#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "de", "en" ] }, { "country": "Belgium", "summary": "Language follows the region. English is easiest in Brussels and Flanders, less reliable in Wallonia.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "nl", "label": "Dutch", "scope": "Flanders; also an official language of Brussels", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Wallonia and Brussels", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Eastern German-speaking municipalities around Eupen", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Brussels tourism and much of Flanders; weaker coverage in Wallonia", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Belgium Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Belgium#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "nl", "fr", "de", "en" ] }, { "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "summary": "Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian are mutually intelligible; English is more useful in urban areas.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "bs", "label": "Bosnian", "scope": "Countrywide alongside mutually intelligible Croatian and Serbian", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "hr", "label": "Croatian", "scope": "Countrywide alongside mutually intelligible Bosnian and Serbian", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "sr", "label": "Serbian", "scope": "Countrywide alongside mutually intelligible Bosnian and Croatian", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Many tourism settings and younger urban speakers; not assumed everywhere", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "operator-guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Bosnia and Herzegovina Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "operator-guide", "label": "Safari Bosna — travel planning and language guidance", "url": "https://www.safaribosna.ba/en/travel-guide/planning/bosnia-and-herzegovina-travel-planning-guide", "publisher": "Safari Bosna (local tour operator)", "evidenceNote": "Local operator country planning guide describes English common in tourism settings, especially younger speakers; Arabic support exists only in parts of sector and is not generalized." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "bs", "hr", "sr", "en" ] }, { "country": "Bulgaria", "summary": "Bulgarian is the everyday language. Foreign-language help is concentrated in resorts and hospitality.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "bg", "label": "Bulgarian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "tr", "label": "Turkish", "scope": "Turkish-speaking communities in the northeast and around Kardzhali", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Resorts, hotels and restaurants", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Resorts, hotels and restaurants; not a general-population claim", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Resorts, hotels and restaurants; not a general-population claim", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Resorts, hotels and restaurants; ask before assuming a language", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Bulgaria Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bulgaria#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Varna tourism — Bulgaria visitor guide", "url": "https://visit.varna.bg/download/pages/225/Visitors_Guide_EN.pdf", "publisher": "Varna Municipality / Visit Varna", "evidenceNote": "Visitor guide identifies English, German, French and Russian in resorts, hotels and restaurants; these are scoped visitor matches." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "bg", "tr", "en", "de", "fr", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Croatia", "summary": "Croatian is the main language. English helps in cities and tourism; Italian and German help locally.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "hr", "label": "Croatian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Cities and established tourist services; rural coverage varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "istria", "krk" ] }, { "id": "it", "label": "Italian", "scope": "Coastal visitor areas, especially Istria and Kvarner", "sourceIds": [ "istria", "krk" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Coastal visitor services, especially Istria and Kvarner", "sourceIds": [ "istria", "krk" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Croatia Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Croatia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "istria", "label": "Wikivoyage — Istria Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Istria#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Italian is widely understood and German widely spoken in Istria; English appears in restaurants.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "krk", "label": "Wikivoyage — Krk Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Krk#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Croatian is local; English, Italian and German spoken by many locals on Krk.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "hr", "en", "it", "de" ] }, { "country": "Cyprus", "summary": "Greek in the south, Turkish in the north; English is widely useful. Other tourism languages vary by provider.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "el", "label": "Greek", "scope": "Main everyday language in the Greek-Cypriot south", "sourceIds": [ "language", "community" ] }, { "id": "tr", "label": "Turkish", "scope": "Main everyday language in the Turkish-Cypriot north", "sourceIds": [ "language", "community" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely spoken; useful across visitor services", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Tourism industry; confirm with the provider", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Tourism industry; confirm with the provider", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Tourism industry; confirm with the provider", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Visit Cyprus — Languages & religions", "url": "https://www.visitcyprus.com/useful-info/languages-religions/", "publisher": "Cyprus Deputy Ministry of Tourism", "evidenceNote": "Identifies Greek/Turkish, widespread English and French/German/Russian within tourism." }, { "id": "scope", "label": "Visit Cyprus — 2024 destination guide", "url": "https://www.visitcyprus.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/A_GUIDE_TO_CYPRUS_-_English_WEB_VERSION_15_5_24.pdf", "publisher": "Cyprus Deputy Ministry of Tourism", "evidenceNote": "Describes Greek as the main language and English as widely spoken." }, { "id": "community", "label": "Wikivoyage — Cyprus / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cyprus#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Community distribution used to scope Greek and Turkish; CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "el", "tr", "en", "fr", "de", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Czechia", "summary": "Czech is the main language. English is useful in Prague and with younger adults; rural coverage varies.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "cs", "label": "Czech", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Prague and younger urban speakers; older and rural coverage varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "prague" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Czechia Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Czech_Republic#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "prague", "label": "Wikivoyage — Prague Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Prague#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "English is common in restaurants and bars and among younger residents; Russian remains sensitive.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "cs", "en" ] }, { "country": "Denmark", "summary": "Danish is the main language. English is widely usable; German is especially useful in southern Jutland.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "da", "label": "Danish", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely usable for everyday visitor interactions", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "South Jutland and the west Jutland holiday coast", "sourceIds": [ "jutland" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Denmark Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Denmark#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "VisitDenmark — travel information and FAQs", "url": "https://www.visitdenmark.com/denmark/plan-your-trip/plan-your-trip-faq", "publisher": "VisitDenmark", "evidenceNote": "Describes easy travel using English, Danish national language, and English/German/Danish tourist-office services." }, { "id": "jutland", "label": "Wikivoyage — Jutland Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jutland#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "German is particularly useful in South Jutland and along the western holiday coast.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "da", "en", "de" ] }, { "country": "Estonia", "summary": "Estonian is the main language. English is widely useful; Russian and Finnish help with some speakers.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "et", "label": "Estonian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely useful in visitor-facing settings", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Older speakers and Russian-speaking communities; ask language preference", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "fi", "label": "Finnish", "scope": "Some older Estonian speakers; coverage varies", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Estonia Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Estonia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Estonia — a brief introduction", "url": "https://visitestonia.com/en/what-to-do/a-brief-introduction-to-estonia", "publisher": "Visit Estonia / Enterprise Estonia", "evidenceNote": "Describes Estonian, common English, and Finnish/Russian knowledge especially among older speakers." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "et", "en", "ru", "fi" ] }, { "country": "Finland", "summary": "Finnish is most widespread; Swedish is strongest on the coast and Åland. English is widely useful.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "fi", "label": "Finnish", "scope": "Most of the country", "sourceIds": [ "regions" ] }, { "id": "sv", "label": "Swedish", "scope": "Åland and Swedish-speaking coastal communities", "sourceIds": [ "regions" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely useful for visitors", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Useful with many speakers; availability varies", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Finland Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Finland#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Finland — Finland is a safe travel destination", "url": "https://www.visitfinland.com/en/articles/finland-is-a-safe-travel-destination/", "publisher": "Visit Finland / Business Finland", "evidenceNote": "Describes most people speaking English, and many also Swedish and German." }, { "id": "regions", "label": "Visit Finland — five myths about Finland", "url": "https://www.visitfinland.com/en/articles/five-myths-about-finland/", "publisher": "Visit Finland / Business Finland", "evidenceNote": "Explains Finnish/Swedish and Swedish-speaking coastal and Åland heritage." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "fi", "sv", "en", "de" ] }, { "country": "France", "summary": "French is the everyday language. English helps in major tourist areas; French is valuable elsewhere.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourist districts of Paris, the Riviera and other major visitor areas", "sourceIds": [ "paris", "riviera" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — France Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/France#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "paris", "label": "Wikivoyage — Paris Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Paris#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "English is useful in heavily visited parts of Paris; this does not describe the whole city.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "riviera", "label": "Wikivoyage — French Riviera Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/French_Riviera#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Tourism-facing businesses in the Riviera commonly communicate in English.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "fr", "en" ] }, { "country": "Germany", "summary": "German is the main language. English helps in major cities; proficiency varies elsewhere.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Countrywide; regional dialects vary", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Major cities such as Berlin, Hamburg and Munich; rural coverage varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Germany Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Germany#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "de", "en" ] }, { "country": "Greece", "summary": "Greek is the main language. English is useful on established visitor routes and tourist transport.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "el", "label": "Greek", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Major visitor areas and transport serving them; rural coverage varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "island" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Greece Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Greece#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "island", "label": "Wikivoyage — Kythira Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kythira#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Greek is local; visitors can communicate mainly in English. Country guide also describes English on tourist transport.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "el", "en" ] }, { "country": "Hungary", "summary": "Hungarian is the main language. English helps in Budapest; German is particularly useful near Austria.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "hu", "label": "Hungarian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Budapest hotels, restaurants and tourist areas; weak rural coverage", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "eu-guide" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Western border area, especially Sopron; less dependable elsewhere", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Hungary Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hungary#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "eu-guide", "label": "Cedefop / IKK — Budapest guide for participants, 2026", "url": "https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/refernet_partnership_fourm_2026_budapest_guide_for_participants_0.pdf", "publisher": "Cedefop / Hungarian Innovative Training Support Centre (IKK)", "evidenceNote": "Visitor guide states English widely spoken in Budapest, especially hotels, restaurants and tourist areas." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "hu", "en", "de" ] }, { "country": "Iceland", "summary": "Icelandic is the national language. English is widely spoken and useful for visitors.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "is", "label": "Icelandic", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely spoken across visitor settings", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Iceland Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iceland#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Iceland — practical information", "url": "https://www.visiticeland.com/article/practical-information1/", "publisher": "Visit Iceland / Business Iceland", "evidenceNote": "Identifies Icelandic national language and widely spoken English; school-taught Danish alone is not treated as a visitor match." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "is", "en" ] }, { "country": "Ireland", "summary": "English works nationwide. Irish is also used in Gaeltacht communities, whose residents speak English.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ga", "label": "Irish", "scope": "Gaeltacht communities, especially in western coastal areas", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "galway" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Ireland Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ireland#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "galway", "label": "Wikivoyage — County Galway", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/County_Galway", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Irish is used in smaller Gaeltacht communities; English is also spoken.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en", "ga" ] }, { "country": "Italy", "summary": "Italian works nationwide; German is important in South Tyrol. English helps in tourist businesses.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "it", "label": "Italian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "South Tyrol; not a nationwide Italian language assumption", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Shops and tour operators in established tourist areas; less reliable elsewhere", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Italy Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Italy#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "it", "de", "en" ] }, { "country": "Latvia", "summary": "Latvian is the main language. English helps in tourism; Russian is common but language choice matters.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "lv", "label": "Latvian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Russian-speaking communities, including Riga and parts of the east; ask preference", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "riga" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Riga tourism and younger urban speakers; much weaker in the countryside", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "riga" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Tourism services; basic practical communication rather than nationwide fluency", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Latvia Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Latvia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "riga", "label": "Wikivoyage — Riga Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Riga#Understand", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Riga has Latvian/Russian use and English in tourism; German tour guides supplement the national tourism-language guidance.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "lv", "ru", "en", "de" ] }, { "country": "Lithuania", "summary": "Lithuanian is the main language. English helps in cities; Russian is more familiar to older speakers.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "lt", "label": "Lithuanian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Younger urban speakers and major visitor cities; older coverage varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Older speakers and Russian-speaking communities; ask preference, not a universal fallback", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Lithuania Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lithuania#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Lithuania Travel — 2025 visitor survey communication finding", "url": "https://lithuania.travel/en/media/naujiena/video-clips-showcasing-quiet-luxury-will-attract-tourists-to-visit-lithuania", "publisher": "Lithuania Travel", "evidenceNote": "National tourism organisation reports ease of communication in English among strengths identified by its 2025 inbound visitor survey." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "lt", "en", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Moldova", "summary": "Romanian and Russian are useful for independent travel. English is less dependable.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ro", "label": "Romanian", "scope": "Countrywide main language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Widely used first or second language; ask preference", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "gag", "label": "Gagauz", "scope": "Gagauzia; regional everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Moldova Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Moldova#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ro", "ru", "gag" ] }, { "country": "Montenegro", "summary": "Montenegrin and Serbian work broadly. English, Italian and Russian help in coastal visitor areas.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "cnr", "label": "Montenegrin", "scope": "Countrywide; mutually intelligible with Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "census" ] }, { "id": "sr", "label": "Serbian", "scope": "Widely spoken; mutually intelligible with Montenegrin", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "census" ] }, { "id": "sq", "label": "Albanian", "scope": "Ulcinj and Albanian-speaking communities around Plav, Gusinje and Malesia", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "census" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Podgorica and coastal visitor areas; proficiency varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "it", "label": "Italian", "scope": "Coastal visitor areas", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Tourism services along the coast; not a countrywide assumption", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Montenegro Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Montenegro#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "census", "label": "MONSTAT — 2023 census language results", "url": "https://www.monstat.org/eng/novosti.php?id=4012", "publisher": "Statistical Office of Montenegro", "evidenceNote": "Census reports actual usually spoken languages, including Serbian, Montenegrin and Albanian; this supports everyday-use distinctions." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "cnr", "sr", "sq", "en", "it", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Netherlands", "summary": "Dutch is the main language; Frisian is regional. English is widely usable, and German can also help.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "nl", "label": "Dutch", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "fy", "label": "West Frisian", "scope": "Friesland; Dutch is also widely used", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely usable in visitor interactions", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Especially near the German border and with older speakers", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Netherlands Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Netherlands#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "NBTC — key insights Germany", "url": "https://www.holland.com/download/download-nbtc-key-insights-2023-duitsland-eng", "publisher": "Netherlands Board of Tourism & Conventions", "evidenceNote": "Tourism market assessment notes many Dutch people speaking German or English; guide scopes German more narrowly." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "nl", "fy", "en", "de" ] }, { "country": "North Macedonia", "summary": "Macedonian and Albanian are important locally. English helps in Skopje, Ohrid and visitor businesses.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "mk", "label": "Macedonian", "scope": "Countrywide main language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "sq", "label": "Albanian", "scope": "Widely used in the north and west", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Skopje, Ohrid, Struga and public-facing visitor businesses; rural gaps", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — North Macedonia Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_Macedonia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "mk", "sq", "en" ] }, { "country": "Norway", "summary": "Norwegian is used nationwide. English is widely useful; Swedish is often understood.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "no", "label": "Norwegian", "scope": "Countrywide; Bokmål and Nynorsk are written standards", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely usable for visitor interactions", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "sv", "label": "Swedish", "scope": "Often understood; Swedish-speaking hospitality workers are common", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Norway Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Norway#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Norway — travel tips A–Z", "url": "https://www.visitnorway.com/plan-your-trip/travel-tips-a-z/", "publisher": "Visit Norway / Innovation Norway", "evidenceNote": "Most Norwegians speak English; other school languages have variable skill and are not general visitor matches." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "no", "en", "sv" ] }, { "country": "Poland", "summary": "Polish is the main language. English helps in cities; German is useful in the west and tourist hubs.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "pl", "label": "Polish", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Younger urban speakers and major visitor destinations; older rural gaps", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Western Poland and tourist hubs such as Kraków and Gdańsk", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Poland Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Poland#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "pl", "en", "de" ] }, { "country": "Portugal", "summary": "Portuguese is the main language. English is useful in many tourist areas, though not universal.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "pt", "label": "Portuguese", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Many tourist areas and younger speakers; not universal", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Portugal Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Portugal#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Portugal — Welcome to Portugal", "url": "https://www.visitportugal.com/sites/www.visitportugal.com/files/LivinginPortugal_EN-PT_0.pdf", "publisher": "Turismo de Portugal", "evidenceNote": "States a large part of the population speaks foreign languages, especially English; tourism scope is kept conservative." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "pt", "en" ] }, { "country": "Romania", "summary": "Romanian is the main language; Hungarian is regional. English is useful in tourism services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ro", "label": "Romanian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "hu", "label": "Hungarian", "scope": "Hungarian-speaking parts of Transylvania, particularly Harghita and Covasna", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourism services and younger city speakers; not nationwide fluency", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Romania Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Romania#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ro", "hu", "en" ] }, { "country": "Russia", "summary": "Russian is essential for independent travel. English is too limited for a broad practical match.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Countrywide main language and interregional lingua franca", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Russia Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Russia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ru" ] }, { "country": "Serbia", "summary": "Serbian is the main language. English helps in Belgrade and Novi Sad; other areas vary.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "sr", "label": "Serbian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Belgrade and Novi Sad, especially younger urban speakers", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "government", "belgrade" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Serbia Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Serbia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "government", "label": "US Department of State — Serbia guidebook", "url": "https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/serbia_guidebook_2014.pdf", "publisher": "US Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs", "evidenceNote": "Older background source describes Serbian and widely understood English; contemporary guide corroborates younger urban use." }, { "id": "belgrade", "label": "Welcome to Belgrade visitor guide", "url": "https://cw-cbs.rs/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Welcome_to_-Belgrade_Engleski.pdf", "publisher": "Cushman & Wakefield CBS", "evidenceNote": "Belgrade visitor information explicitly says visitors can communicate in English." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "sr", "en" ] }, { "country": "Slovakia", "summary": "Slovak is the main language; Hungarian is regional. English and German are the main visitor options.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "sk", "label": "Slovak", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "hu", "label": "Hungarian", "scope": "Southern Hungarian-speaking communities", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Major visitor settings and younger adults; older rural gaps", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Common foreign language in visitor settings; proficiency varies", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Slovakia Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Slovakia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Slovakia Travel — practical information", "url": "https://slovakia.travel/en/about-slovakia/practical-information/", "publisher": "Slovakia Travel", "evidenceNote": "English/German are the main foreign languages; Hungarian frequently used in the south; other foreign languages less common." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "sk", "hu", "en", "de" ] }, { "country": "Slovenia", "summary": "Slovenian is the main language. English helps broadly; Italian and Hungarian have regional use.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "sl", "label": "Slovenian", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "it", "label": "Italian", "scope": "Italian-speaking communities on the Primorska coast", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "hu", "label": "Hungarian", "scope": "Hungarian-speaking communities in Prekmurje", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Common in visitor interactions; proficiency varies with age", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Especially eastern Slovenia and older speakers in visitor settings", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Slovenia Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Slovenia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "sl", "it", "hu", "en", "de" ] }, { "country": "Spain", "summary": "Spanish works nationwide; regional languages matter locally. English helps in the main tourist areas.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language; also called Castilian", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ca", "label": "Catalan", "scope": "Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia (Valencian)", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "eu", "label": "Basque", "scope": "Basque-speaking parts of the Basque Country and Navarre", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "gl", "label": "Galician", "scope": "Galicia", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Established tourist businesses and popular resorts", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "German-oriented resort areas, especially Mallorca and parts of the coast", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Tourist services in popular beach resorts; not a nationwide assumption", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Spain Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Spain#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "es", "ca", "eu", "gl", "en", "de", "fr" ] }, { "country": "Sweden", "summary": "Swedish is the main language. English is widely spoken and practical for visitors.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "sv", "label": "Swedish", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely usable for everyday visitor interactions", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Sweden Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sweden#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Sweden — Sweden FAQs", "url": "https://visitsweden.com/about-sweden/sweden-faq/", "publisher": "Visit Sweden", "evidenceNote": "States Swedish is spoken and most Swedes speak English in travel context." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "sv", "en" ] }, { "country": "Switzerland", "summary": "German, French and Italian follow the region. English is widely useful; Swiss German differs in speech.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "German-speaking cantons; Swiss German in conversation, Standard German understood", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Western French-speaking cantons", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "it", "label": "Italian", "scope": "Ticino and Italian-speaking valleys of Graubünden", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "rm", "label": "Romansh", "scope": "Romansh-speaking communities of Graubünden; highly regional", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely used across visitor settings; individual proficiency varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Switzerland Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Switzerland#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "de", "fr", "it", "rm", "en" ] }, { "country": "Ukraine", "summary": "Ukrainian is the preferred starting point. Russian remains understood; English helps in Kyiv and Lviv.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "uk", "label": "Ukrainian", "scope": "Countrywide state language; preferred starting point", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Some urban and eastern/southern communities; ask preference due to war sensitivities", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Basic visitor services in Kyiv and Lviv; major gaps elsewhere", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Ukraine Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ukraine#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "uk", "ru", "en" ] }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "summary": "English works nationwide. Welsh and Scottish Gaelic are used in specific communities.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Countrywide everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "cy", "label": "Welsh", "scope": "Welsh-speaking communities, especially north and west Wales", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "gd", "label": "Scottish Gaelic", "scope": "Scottish Gaelic-speaking communities in the Highlands and islands", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "reviewNote": "The 13 initial filter languages were screened against the cited language guidance. Unlisted languages are not established as broad visitor options by this review; they were not individually researched to prove absence. Main-language list selects useful everyday/regional languages and is not an exhaustive inventory.", "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — United Kingdom Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/United_Kingdom#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section reviewed for everyday language, visitor communication and limits; foreign-language school exposure alone is not sufficient.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "Adapted from Wikivoyage contributors; editorial paraphrase with narrower geographic scopes." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en", "cy", "gd" ] }, { "country": "Bahrain", "summary": "Arabic is the local language; English is widely spoken and useful for visitor services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Local Bahraini/Gulf Arabic in everyday life", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely spoken; visitor services and urban settings", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Bahrain Authority for Culture — Staying in Bahrain", "url": "https://culture.gov.bh/en/visitingbahrain/staying_in_bahrain/", "publisher": "Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities", "evidenceNote": "Arabic is official and English widely spoken." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en" ] }, { "country": "Iran", "summary": "Persian is the main travel language. Arrange language support; everyday English coverage is uneven.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "fa", "label": "Persian", "scope": "National lingua franca; regional languages also matter", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Iran / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iran#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section inspected for practical language use and limitations; adapted summaries, CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Visit Iran — Practical information", "url": "https://visitiran.ir/en/practical-information", "publisher": "Iran tourism portal", "evidenceNote": "Describes multilingual tourism workers but also translation needs in ordinary shops; broad fluency marketing claim is not treated as a population measure." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "English reviewed but not established as a broad visitor match: the official portal's expansive claim conflicts with its ordinary-shop caveat and the guide's narrower urban/high-end coverage. A prearranged English guide is not proof of general usefulness. Travel access and conflict advice remain separate.", "languageIds": [ "fa" ] }, { "country": "Iraq", "summary": "Arabic is used in much of Iraq; Kurdish varieties matter in the north. English is more useful in cities.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Iraqi Arabic in most central/southern everyday settings", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ckb", "label": "Sorani Kurdish", "scope": "Erbil and Sulaymaniyah areas of Iraqi Kurdistan", "sourceIds": [ "kurdish" ] }, { "id": "kmr", "label": "Kurmanji Kurdish", "scope": "Duhok and parts of Erbil governorate", "sourceIds": [ "kurdish" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Urban centres; arrange help for detailed or rural communication", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Iraq / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iraq#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section inspected for practical language use and limitations; adapted summaries, CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "language", "label": "Visit Iraq — Discover Iraq", "url": "https://www.visitiraq.iq/discoveriraq", "publisher": "Visit Iraq tourism portal", "evidenceNote": "Specifically describes English in urban centres and towns, while identifying the Arabic/Kurdish geographic distinction." }, { "id": "kurdish", "label": "KRG Department of Foreign Relations — Language", "url": "https://archive.gov.krd/dfr/dfr.gov.krd/p/p9728.html", "publisher": "Kurdistan Regional Government", "evidenceNote": "Scopes Sorani to Erbil/Slemani and Kurmanji to Duhok/parts of Erbil; regional varieties retained separately." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Language availability does not imply safe or unrestricted travel; current advisories remain separate.", "languageIds": [ "ar", "ckb", "kmr", "en" ] }, { "country": "Israel", "summary": "Hebrew is the main language; Arabic matters in Arab communities. English is widely useful, with variable fluency.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "he", "label": "Hebrew", "scope": "Main everyday language across most visitor routes", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Arab towns and communities; local Levantine varieties", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely used; individual conversational fluency varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "oecd" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Russian-speaking urban communities and some visitor services; not nationwide.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "oecd", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Israel / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Israel#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section inspected for practical language use and limitations; adapted summaries, CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "oecd", "label": "OECD — How 15-year-olds learn English in Israel", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/how-15-year-olds-learn-english_a3fcacd5-en/full-report/component-7.html", "publisher": "OECD", "evidenceNote": "Describes widespread English and a substantial Russian-speaking community, with important group differences in proficiency." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Israel Ministry of Tourism — travel advisor FAQ", "url": "https://agents.israel.travel/", "publisher": "Israel Ministry of Tourism", "evidenceNote": "Ministry travel-advisor FAQ identifies Russian among commonly encountered visitor languages. OECD independently documents a substantial Russian-speaking community. These support a scoped practical match, not official status or universal availability." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": " Russian follow-up: retained as a scoped urban/community and visitor-service match, corroborated by Ministry of Tourism guidance and OECD. No inference of official status or nationwide coverage.", "languageIds": [ "he", "ar", "en", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Jordan", "summary": "Arabic is the everyday language; English is widely useful in cities and visitor-facing services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Jordanian/Levantine Arabic in everyday conversations", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely spoken, especially in cities and visitor services", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Jordan Tourism Board — Just the facts", "url": "https://international.visitjordan.com/page/16/just-the-facts/", "publisher": "Jordan Tourism Board", "evidenceNote": "Explicitly describes English widely spoken in cities and some English among souk traders; other foreign languages only to a lesser extent." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "French/German/Italian/Spanish are mentioned as spoken to a lesser extent, insufficient to infer broadly usable visitor coverage.", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en" ] }, { "country": "Kuwait", "summary": "Arabic is the local language; English is widely useful in business and urban services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Everyday Kuwaiti/Gulf Arabic", "sourceIds": [ "official" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely used in business and urban expatriate settings", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Kuwait Embassy — Culture and demographics", "url": "https://www.kuwaitembassy.org/about-kuwait/culture", "publisher": "Embassy of Kuwait", "evidenceNote": "English widely used in business and expatriate communities." }, { "id": "official", "label": "Kuwait Government Online — Language", "url": "https://e.gov.kw/sites/kgoenglish/Pages/Visitors/AboutKuwait/CultureAndHeritageLanguage.aspx", "publisher": "Government of Kuwait", "evidenceNote": "Describes Arabic's official and everyday colloquial use." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en" ] }, { "country": "Lebanon", "summary": "Lebanese Arabic is local; English and French are widely useful, especially in urban settings.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Lebanese/Levantine Arabic in everyday life", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely spoken; particularly useful in Beirut and major cities", "sourceIds": [ "language", "guide" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Widely used; proficiency differs by person and generation", "sourceIds": [ "language", "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Lebanon TRA — Useful country information", "url": "https://www.tra.gov.lb/SubPage.aspx?pageid=1609", "publisher": "Lebanon Telecommunications Regulatory Authority", "evidenceNote": "Visitor guidance explicitly identifies English and French as widely spoken; only language material used because money facts are dated." }, { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Lebanon / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lebanon#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section inspected for practical language use and limitations; adapted summaries, CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en", "fr" ] }, { "country": "Oman", "summary": "Arabic is local; English is widely useful. Community languages should not be assumed everywhere.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Everyday Omani Arabic; regional varieties also occur", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widespread use, especially in cities and visitor services", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Oman Foreign Ministry — Key facts", "url": "https://www.fm.gov.om/en/about-oman/state/key-facts/", "publisher": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Oman", "evidenceNote": "Arabic with widespread use of English." }, { "id": "other", "label": "Oman Investment Authority — Investing in Oman", "url": "https://oia.gov.om/en/about/investing-in-oman", "publisher": "Oman Investment Authority", "evidenceNote": "Lists Hindi, Swahili and Urdu as widely spoken, without visitor-setting coverage; retained as contextual evidence only." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Hindi/Swahili/Urdu speakers exist, but the investment overview does not establish which general visitor services can be used in them. They are not promoted to tourism matches.", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en" ] }, { "country": "Palestine", "summary": "Palestinian Arabic is local. English can help on West Bank visitor routes; confirm support for the itinerary.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Palestinian Arabic in local daily life", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "West Bank visitor settings; confirm services for your route", "sourceIds": [ "tourismguide", "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Travel Palestine — Behaviour code", "url": "https://www.travelpalestine.ps/en/Category/21/Behavior-Code", "publisher": "Palestinian tourism portal", "evidenceNote": "Identifies Arabic as the predominant language." }, { "id": "tourismguide", "label": "A Guide to Palestine — General information", "url": "https://www.mahmiyat.ps/cached_uploads/view/2022/01/14/a-guide-to-palestine-1642128477.pdf", "publisher": "Palestinian tourism guide hosted by Mahmiyat", "evidenceNote": "Describes English as widely spoken; old guide context is narrowed to visitor settings, not current access." }, { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — West Bank / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/West_Bank#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "English understood to varying degrees; bilingual tourist signs. CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "No inference of open or safe access, and no English coverage claim for Gaza. Current conflict/restrictions must be considered separately.", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en" ] }, { "country": "Qatar", "summary": "Arabic is local; English is commonly spoken in public places and useful for visitors.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Everyday Qatari/Gulf Arabic", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Commonly spoken in public places and visitor services", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Visit Qatar — Travel tips", "url": "https://visitqatar.com/intl-en/plan-your-trip/travel-tips", "publisher": "Qatar Tourism", "evidenceNote": "Travel guidance explicitly says Arabic is official and English commonly spoken in public places." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en" ] }, { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "summary": "Arabic is the main language; English is useful in cities and tourism, with gaps outside visitor routes.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Primary language; local Arabic varieties differ", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Urban and tourism settings; fluency is not universal", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Visit Saudi — Riyadh pocket guide", "url": "https://www.visitsaudi.com/content/dam/saudi-tourism/media/guides/riyadh-guidebook.pdf", "publisher": "Saudi Tourism Authority", "evidenceNote": "Arabic primary; English informal second language and bilingual road information. Scope narrowed to practical urban/visitor use." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en" ] }, { "country": "Türkiye", "summary": "Turkish is the main language. English helps in major cities; German and Russian are more resort-specific.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "tr", "label": "Turkish", "scope": "Countrywide main travel language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "kmr", "label": "Kurmanji Kurdish", "scope": "Kurdish communities in the southeast/east", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "kurdish" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Major cities and established visitor services", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "Aegean/Mediterranean resort services; confirm provider", "sourceIds": [ "tourismstudy" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Mediterranean resort services; confirm provider", "sourceIds": [ "tourismstudy" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Türkiye Ministry of Culture — Country information", "url": "https://taskentkulturvetanitma.ktb.gov.tr/EN-83461/turkiye.html", "publisher": "Türkiye Ministry of Culture and Tourism", "evidenceNote": "Turkish is official and English widely spoken in major cities." }, { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Turkey / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turkey#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country Talk section inspected for practical language use and limitations; adapted summaries, CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "tourismstudy", "label": "Turkey tourism needs report — Language", "url": "https://mkv-consulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ESP-Tourism-Survey-Report.pdf", "publisher": "ESP Tourism Survey report", "evidenceNote": "Identifies German/Russian/French in popular holiday destinations; older report corroborated for German/Russian resort use with current provider descriptions." }, { "id": "provider", "label": "Visaja — Turkish for travel", "url": "https://www.visaja.com/language/turkish", "publisher": "Visaja language/travel service", "evidenceNote": "Describes English/German/Russian in tourist quarters and resort coasts; scope kept to resort services." }, { "id": "kurdish", "label": "Heritage.KRD — Kurdish language varieties", "url": "https://heritage.krd/language", "publisher": "Heritage.KRD", "evidenceNote": "Identifies Kurmanji as the major Kurdish variety in Türkiye; used only for regional variety naming." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "French evidence is older and not sufficient for a current broad visitor match. Kurdish scope is regional and does not imply mutual intelligibility across all Kurdish varieties.", "languageIds": [ "tr", "kmr", "en", "de", "ru" ] }, { "country": "United Arab Emirates", "summary": "Arabic and English are widely useful in Dubai; other community languages do not guarantee visitor coverage.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Local Emirati Arabic; Arabic is the national official language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely used in Dubai's everyday visitor services", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Visit Dubai — Practical information", "url": "https://www.visitdubai.com/en/plan-your-trip/practical-information", "publisher": "Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism", "evidenceNote": "Arabic and English spoken across Dubai." }, { "id": "community", "label": "Visit Dubai — Languages of Dubai", "url": "https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai", "publisher": "Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism", "evidenceNote": "Identifies Hindi/Urdu and other community languages, without adequate general visitor coverage to assign them." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Country match is supported for Dubai, not a claim of identical language coverage across every emirate. Hindi and other community languages are not automatically promoted.", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en" ] }, { "country": "Yemen", "summary": "Yemeni Arabic is essential for everyday communication. General English coverage is not established.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Local Yemeni Arabic; standard Arabic also understood in major cities", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Yemen / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Yemen#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Local Yemeni Arabic broadly used, standard Arabic useful in major cities; most people described as having little/no English. Adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "English reviewed but not established as broadly usable. Arranged multilingual guides do not imply independent language ease; travel advisories and conflict access remain separate.", "languageIds": [ "ar" ] }, { "country": "Armenia", "summary": "Armenian is local and Russian is widely useful. English support is growing but should be confirmed.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "hy", "label": "Armenian", "scope": "Main everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Widely understood as a second language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Armenia Travel — FAQ", "url": "https://armenia.travel/faq/", "publisher": "Tourism Committee of Armenia", "evidenceNote": "Russian widely understood; English only described as gaining popularity among youth and tourism." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "English reviewed but broad usability not established from the tourism FAQ's growing-popularity claim; confirm an English-speaking provider. French schooling/one university does not establish general visitor use.", "languageIds": [ "hy", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Azerbaijan", "summary": "Azerbaijani is the main language. English and Russian are useful in Baku; prepare more support elsewhere.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "az", "label": "Azerbaijani", "scope": "Most widely spoken everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Baku; more limited beyond the capital", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Baku; regional coverage varies", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Azerbaijan Tourism Board — Useful vocabulary", "url": "https://azerbaijan.travel/useful-vocabulary", "publisher": "Azerbaijan Tourism Board", "evidenceNote": "Explicitly scopes widespread English and Russian to Baku and identifies Azerbaijani as the main language." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Turkish intelligibility is not treated as equivalent to an established Turkish-language service network.", "languageIds": [ "az", "en", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Bangladesh", "summary": "Bengali is the main travel language. English support is uneven; arrange help for detailed communication.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "bn", "label": "Bengali", "scope": "Bengali/Bangla in everyday communication", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Bangladesh / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bangladesh#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "English reviewed but not established as broadly usable in visitor settings from the guide; education/business use alone is insufficient. Hindi's linguistic relationship is not evidence of reliable communication.", "languageIds": [ "bn" ] }, { "country": "Cambodia", "summary": "Khmer is the main language. English is useful for basic needs with tourism workers and in tourist markets.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "km", "label": "Khmer", "scope": "Main everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Frontline tourism and tourist markets; basic transactions", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Cambodia / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cambodia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "context", "label": "Tourism Cambodia — Khmer languages", "url": "https://www.tourismcambodia.com/about-cambodia/khmer-languages.htm", "publisher": "Tourism Cambodia travel portal", "evidenceNote": "Lists English/French as second languages, but guide evidence differentiates their practical reach." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "French has a historical and educational presence; the guide describes general fluency as uncommon outside limited groups. It is not assigned as broad visitor coverage. Chinese commerce/communities do not establish broad Mandarin coverage.", "languageIds": [ "km", "en" ] }, { "country": "China", "summary": "Mandarin is the broadest option. Regional languages matter; English conversation often needs translation.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "cmn", "label": "Mandarin Chinese", "scope": "National lingua franca; regional accents and coverage vary", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "yue", "label": "Cantonese", "scope": "Much of Guangdong; not interchangeable with Mandarin", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "mn", "label": "Mongolian", "scope": "Inner Mongolian communities; regional scope only", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — China / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/China#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "jilin-korean", "label": "Jilin provincial government — Korean visitors to Yanbian", "url": "https://www.gojilin.gov.cn/2025/02/18/c_13893.htm", "publisher": "People’s Government of Jilin Province", "evidenceNote": "Describes minimal language barriers for South Korean visitors specifically in Yanbian. This is a real tourism destination, but geographically narrow evidence does not establish broad mainland visitor use. Korean retained as local context only, excluded from country language matching." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "English reviewed: some urban/attraction staff can help, but the guide explicitly warns conversational English is uncommon and tourist staff may not speak it; no broad visitor match. Regional Chinese languages are not treated as mutually intelligible. This record covers mainland visitor routes; Hong Kong/Macau are not used to inflate mainland English coverage. Follow-up review: Korean is documented in Yanbian/Yanji, a tourism destination in Jilin; retained as local context only and excluded from country filtering to avoid implying broad usefulness across mainland visitor routes.", "localLanguages": [ { "id": "ko", "label": "Korean", "scope": "Yanbian/Yanji in Jilin: useful for a dedicated regional visit, not a general mainland-China language match.", "sourceIds": [ "jilin-korean" ] } ], "languageIds": [ "cmn", "yue", "mn" ] }, { "country": "Georgia", "summary": "Georgian is local. English helps with visitor services; Russian is useful with many older speakers.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ka", "label": "Georgian", "scope": "Main everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Visitor services including shops, restaurants and information lines", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Many older speakers; ask which language they prefer", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Georgia Travel — Communication in Georgia", "url": "https://georgia.travel/coming-to-georgia/communication-in-georgia", "publisher": "Georgian National Tourism Administration", "evidenceNote": "Explicitly says guests generally get around in English, with guides/banks/shops/restaurants; older generation commonly speaks Russian." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ka", "en", "ru" ] }, { "country": "India", "summary": "Language varies by state. Hindi helps especially in the north; English is useful in cities and tourism.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "hi", "label": "Hindi", "scope": "Northern/central India; weaker reach in south/northeast", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "bn", "label": "Bengali", "scope": "West Bengal and Tripura", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ta", "label": "Tamil", "scope": "Tamil Nadu and Puducherry", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "te", "label": "Telugu", "scope": "Andhra Pradesh and Telangana", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ml", "label": "Malayalam", "scope": "Kerala", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "kn", "label": "Kannada", "scope": "Karnataka", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "mr", "label": "Marathi", "scope": "Maharashtra", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "gu", "label": "Gujarati", "scope": "Gujarat", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "pa", "label": "Punjabi", "scope": "Punjab", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ne", "label": "Nepali", "scope": "Sikkim and northern West Bengal", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ur", "label": "Urdu", "scope": "Muslim communities, including Delhi/Hyderabad", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Urban and tourism settings; less dependable in rural areas", "sourceIds": [ "language", "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Incredible India — FAQ", "url": "https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/faqs", "publisher": "Ministry of Tourism, India", "evidenceNote": "Describes English widely used; geographic scope narrowed using guide evidence rather than assuming every person speaks it." }, { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — India / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/India#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Regional main-language list is selective, not a complete inventory of India's languages or official statuses. Hindi is not presented as universal. English is a practical urban/tourism bridge, not a fluency guarantee.", "languageIds": [ "hi", "bn", "ta", "te", "ml", "kn", "mr", "gu", "pa", "ne", "ur", "en" ] }, { "country": "Indonesia", "summary": "Indonesian is the shared language. English helps on Bali and major visitor routes, with gaps elsewhere.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "id", "label": "Indonesian", "scope": "National communication language across the country", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "jv", "label": "Javanese", "scope": "Javanese-speaking communities; regional scope", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "su", "label": "Sundanese", "scope": "Sundanese-speaking communities; regional scope", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Bali and major cities/visitor destinations; proficiency varies", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Indonesia Travel — Language", "url": "https://www.indonesia.travel/gb/en/general-information/bahasa", "publisher": "Ministry of Tourism, Indonesia", "evidenceNote": "Indonesian countrywide, Javanese/Sundanese major local languages; English acceptable in Bali/Batam/Jakarta/Bandung/Surabaya/Yogyakarta, not widely spoken generally." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Malay and Indonesian are retained as distinct language options; similarity does not silently create a Malay match.", "languageIds": [ "id", "jv", "su", "en" ] }, { "country": "Japan", "summary": "Japanese is the main language. English works best on major tourist routes; translation helps in local shops.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ja", "label": "Japanese", "scope": "Main everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourist areas and major transport; limited in rural areas/small shops", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Japan National Tourism Organization — FAQ", "url": "https://www.japan.travel/en/faq/", "publisher": "JNTO", "evidenceNote": "March 2026 FAQ explicitly distinguishes English generally understood in tourism/airports/major transport from rural/local-shop gaps." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "ja", "en" ] }, { "country": "Kazakhstan", "summary": "Kazakh and Russian are widely useful. English is more concentrated in major-city visitor services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "kk", "label": "Kazakh", "scope": "State language and everyday use; regional mix varies", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Widely spoken lingua franca alongside Kazakh", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Major-city hotels, restaurants, shops and inbound travel services", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Kazakhstan Travel — Languages in Kazakhstan", "url": "https://kazakhstan.travel/ru/faq/language", "publisher": "Kazakhstan national tourism portal", "evidenceNote": "Updated August 2026; describes widespread Russian, English in major-city travel/hotel/restaurant/shop services, and Kazakh/Russian phrase support outside them." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Tourism portal percentages are not used as a comparative proficiency metric.", "languageIds": [ "kk", "ru", "en" ] }, { "country": "Malaysia", "summary": "Malay is shared; English is widely useful. Mandarin, Cantonese and Tamil matter within their communities.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ms", "label": "Malay", "scope": "National everyday lingua franca", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "cmn", "label": "Mandarin Chinese", "scope": "Chinese communities; not universal across Malaysia", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "yue", "label": "Cantonese", "scope": "Cantonese-speaking communities; regional/individual scope", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "ta", "label": "Tamil", "scope": "Tamil-speaking communities; not universal", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely spoken; urban and visitor-service use", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Tourism Malaysia — About Malaysia", "url": "https://www.malaysia.travel/about-malaysia", "publisher": "Tourism Malaysia", "evidenceNote": "Malay national language, English widely spoken; multilingual Mandarin/Cantonese/Tamil use identified." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Community languages are scoped to speakers rather than equating them with national coverage. Malay is not silently merged with Indonesian.", "languageIds": [ "ms", "cmn", "yue", "ta", "en" ] }, { "country": "Mongolia", "summary": "Mongolian is the main language; Kazakh matters in the far west. Arrange language support beyond Ulaanbaatar.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "mn", "label": "Mongolian", "scope": "Main everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "kk", "label": "Kazakh", "scope": "Far-western Kazakh communities", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Mongolia Travel — Practical information", "url": "https://www.mongolia.travel/plan/practical-information", "publisher": "Mongolia tourism portal", "evidenceNote": "Mongolian is dominant; Russian/English listed as foreign languages without broad visitor-setting coverage." }, { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Mongolia / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mongolia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "English and Russian reviewed: guide narrows use to younger/older people and especially Ulaanbaatar; a broad visitor-service match was not established. An English-speaking tour can still be arranged. The separate gomongolia.gov.mn page was excluded due to visible injected gambling links and suspect page integrity.", "languageIds": [ "mn", "kk" ] }, { "country": "Myanmar", "summary": "Burmese is a common bridge in government-held areas; English helps in tourism, with major regional gaps.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "my", "label": "Burmese", "scope": "Government-controlled areas; not universal in ethnic/separatist areas", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourism staff and visitor services; confirm operating provider", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Myanmar / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Myanmar#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "context", "label": "Myanmar Ministry of Hotels and Tourism — About Myanmar", "url": "https://tourism.gov.mm/en/about-myanmar", "publisher": "Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, Myanmar", "evidenceNote": "Burmese most common, English and other languages described broadly; guide used to constrain community/territorial coverage." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Mandarin/Cantonese/Hindi are not assigned from the ministry's unspecific list (which calls Hindi 'Hindu'). Current service operation/access must be checked separately; language match is not travel permission or safety.", "languageIds": [ "my", "en" ] }, { "country": "Nepal", "summary": "Nepali is the main bridge. English is useful in tourism; guides help when trekking beyond visitor centres.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ne", "label": "Nepali", "scope": "Widely understood national communication language", "sourceIds": [ "people" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Travel-trade and established visitor services", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Nepal Tourism Board — Travel information", "url": "https://trade.ntb.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/travel-inf-october-2022.pdf", "publisher": "Nepal Tourism Board", "evidenceNote": "States travel-trade people understand and speak English." }, { "id": "people", "label": "Nepal Tourism Board — People", "url": "https://trade.ntb.gov.np/know-nepal/ethnic-mosiac/", "publisher": "Nepal Tourism Board", "evidenceNote": "Nepali understood by majority; many mother tongues and some urban/business English." }, { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Nepal / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nepal#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Hindi reviewed but no broad visitor usability claim established from the consulted primary travel sources. Language relatedness is not enough. English-speaking guides do not imply porters/rural villagers speak it.", "languageIds": [ "ne", "en" ] }, { "country": "Philippines", "summary": "Filipino and English are broadly useful. Local languages such as Cebuano matter outside the main centres.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "fil", "label": "Filipino", "scope": "National bridge; strongest around Manila/Luzon", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Widely used; individual/rural proficiency varies", "sourceIds": [ "language", "guide" ] }, { "id": "ceb", "label": "Cebuano", "scope": "Cebu, Bohol, Negros Oriental and much of Mindanao", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ilo", "label": "Ilocano", "scope": "Northern Luzon", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "hil", "label": "Hiligaynon", "scope": "Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Guimaras and parts of Mindanao", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Philippine Permanent Mission — Visit the Philippines", "url": "https://www.genevapm.dfa.gov.ph/resources/visit-the-philippines", "publisher": "Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs", "evidenceNote": "Filipino and English official; English widely used in practical tourism introduction." }, { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Philippines / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Philippines#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Filipino/Tagalog normalized together for discovery. Spanish colonial heritage and Chavacano do not establish modern nationwide Spanish usability; no Spanish match. Regional list is selective.", "languageIds": [ "fil", "en", "ceb", "ilo", "hil" ] }, { "country": "Singapore", "summary": "English is the shared everyday option. Mandarin, Malay and Tamil are useful within their communities.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Default common language across visitor settings", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "cmn", "label": "Mandarin Chinese", "scope": "Widely spoken within Chinese communities", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "ms", "label": "Malay", "scope": "Malay-speaking communities", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "ta", "label": "Tamil", "scope": "Tamil-speaking communities", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Singapore Tourism Board — Essential information", "url": "https://www.visitsingapore.com/travel-tips/essential-travel-information/", "publisher": "Singapore Tourism Board", "evidenceNote": "Most Singaporeans fluent in English; many speak Mandarin/Malay/Tamil. Community languages are not equated to English's islandwide bridge role." }, { "id": "common", "label": "Singapore Tourism Board — Plan your trip", "url": "https://www.visitsingapore.com/content/mice/en/tools-and-resources/plan-your-trip/", "publisher": "Singapore Tourism Board", "evidenceNote": "Explicitly calls English the default common language." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en", "cmn", "ms", "ta" ] }, { "country": "South Korea", "summary": "Korean is the main language. Basic English helps in tourist shops and restaurants; translation is useful.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ko", "label": "Korean", "scope": "Main everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Basic visitor transactions; complex conversation can be difficult", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — South Korea / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Korea#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "support", "label": "VISITKOREA — Tourist information centre", "url": "https://english1.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_ENG_5_2.jsp", "publisher": "Korea Tourism Organization", "evidenceNote": "Dedicated Korean/English/Japanese/Chinese information desk; service support is not counted as nationwide language ability." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Japanese/Mandarin/Cantonese reviewed: some tourist-shop staff and information services are documented, but evidence does not establish broad everyday visitor coverage. They are not filter matches.", "languageIds": [ "ko", "en" ] }, { "country": "Sri Lanka", "summary": "Sinhala and Tamil vary by community. English is useful in cities and established tourism areas.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "si", "label": "Sinhala", "scope": "Majority Sinhala-speaking areas", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ta", "label": "Tamil", "scope": "Tamil-speaking communities; regional coverage varies", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Cities and tourist areas; weaker in rural villages", "sourceIds": [ "language", "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Sri Lanka Tourism — Travel tips", "url": "https://www.srilanka.travel/travel-tips", "publisher": "Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau", "evidenceNote": "Sinhala/Tamil official, English link language, some knowledge common and English signboards." }, { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Sri Lanka / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "si", "ta", "en" ] }, { "country": "Thailand", "summary": "Thai is the shared language. English is useful in Bangkok and major tourism centres, with variable fluency.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "th", "label": "Thai", "scope": "Countrywide main travel language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Bangkok, Chiang Mai and major tourist islands/areas", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Tourism Authority of Thailand — Language & culture", "url": "https://www.tourismthailand.org/Articles/plan-your-trip-language-and-culture", "publisher": "Tourism Authority of Thailand", "evidenceNote": "English specifically useful in Bangkok and major tourist areas, with differing local fluency." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Other visitor languages are mentioned only generically and to varying degrees, insufficient to assign Mandarin/Russian/Japanese/German automatically.", "languageIds": [ "th", "en" ] }, { "country": "Uzbekistan", "summary": "Uzbek is local; Russian is a useful city bridge. English helps in established tourist cities.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "uz", "label": "Uzbek", "scope": "Main everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "language" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Urban interethnic communication; especially Tashkent", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "tg", "label": "Tajik", "scope": "Samarkand and Bukhara communities", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "kaa", "label": "Karakalpak", "scope": "Karakalpakstan communities", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourist-city services in Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva", "sourceIds": [ "language", "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "language", "label": "Uzbekistan Travel — Travel tips", "url": "https://app.uzbekistan.travel/en/i/travel-tips/", "publisher": "Uzbekistan national tourism portal", "evidenceNote": "Uzbek main, Russian/English international communication languages; guide narrows practical English coverage." }, { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Uzbekistan / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Uzbekistan#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Tajik is kept distinct from Persian for discovery; script and local use differ. Russian is not presented as universally fluent; English is not assumed for every passerby.", "languageIds": [ "uz", "ru", "tg", "kaa", "en" ] }, { "country": "Vietnam", "summary": "Vietnamese is the main language. English helps on major visitor routes, but keep translation available.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "vi", "label": "Vietnamese", "scope": "Main everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Major tourist hubs and visitor services; basic use and gaps", "sourceIds": [ "visitor", "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Vietnam / Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Vietnam#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for everyday/visitor language use and scope; adapted summary, CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "visitor", "label": "GoVietnam — Language FAQ", "url": "https://govietnam.travel/faq/", "publisher": "GoVietnam travel publisher", "evidenceNote": "Explicitly scopes English hotel/restaurant/guide communication to Hanoi/HCMC/Da Nang/Hoi An/Phu Quoc and warns of rural/highland gaps; travel source, not government." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "French legacy, Russian-educated individuals and multilingual luxury hotels/one attraction do not establish broad visitor coverage in those languages. English match is limited to established tourist hubs, with translation recommended.", "languageIds": [ "vi", "en" ] }, { "country": "Algeria", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Arabic and French are useful; Kabyle is regional. English is less dependable.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Algerian Arabic in daily life; standard Arabic differs.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Common second language in cities and business.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "kab", "label": "Kabyle", "scope": "Kabylie, including Béjaïa and Tizi Ouzou.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Algeria, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Algeria#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide distinguishes Algerian Arabic, regional Kabyle and everyday French; English remains limited.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "ar", "fr", "kab" ] }, { "country": "Angola", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Portuguese is the practical starting point; English is not broadly dependable.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "pt", "label": "Portuguese", "scope": "National lingua franca, particularly in towns.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Angola, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Angola#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Portuguese broadly understood; English not widely spoken and independent travel outside Luanda requires Portuguese.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "pt" ] }, { "country": "Botswana", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Tswana is the local lingua franca; English works well in towns and visitor services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "tn", "label": "Tswana", "scope": "Local lingua franca across much of the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Urban communication, business and visitor services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Botswana, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Botswana#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Tswana national lingua franca and English widely used in towns; rural fluency varies.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Botswana Tourism Organisation — language", "url": "https://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/language", "publisher": "Botswana Tourism Organisation", "evidenceNote": "Setswana is the national language; English is widely spoken in urban areas and written communication." } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "tn", "en" ] }, { "country": "Cameroon", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "French is the broadest option; English is strongest in the Anglophone west.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Broad use, particularly central and eastern areas.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Anglophone western regions; not a nationwide guarantee.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Cameroon, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cameroon#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "French is more broadly useful; English concentrated near the Nigerian border. Regional safety warnings still apply.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "fr", "en" ] }, { "country": "Côte d'Ivoire", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "French is the most useful shared language; English support is limited.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Main shared language in towns and visitor services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Côte d'Ivoire, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "French widely spoken in urban areas; English concentrated in major international hotels, below the visitor filter threshold.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "fr" ] }, { "country": "Egypt", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Arabic is local. English helps on visitor routes; Russian is mainly useful in major resorts.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Egyptian Arabic in daily life; standard Arabic differs.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Established visitor routes and services; many drivers and local businesses may not speak English.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism", "commerce" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Main resort areas; do not assume coverage on a wider Egypt itinerary.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Egypt, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section describes English in hotels/restaurants and Russian in main resorts; other European-language skills can be variable or rusty. Driver language coverage is limited. Adapted under CC BY-SA 4.0.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Egyptian Tourism Authority — visitor FAQ", "url": "https://www.experienceegypt.eg/en/home/faq", "publisher": "Egyptian Tourism Authority", "evidenceNote": "Official promotional FAQ lists French, Russian, Spanish and Italian as common in tourist areas and offers multilingual licensed guides. This supports service availability, but does not independently establish easy travel in each language. French/Spanish/Italian retained as contextual options only." }, { "id": "commerce", "label": "US International Trade Administration — Egypt business travel", "url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-business-travel", "publisher": "US International Trade Administration", "evidenceNote": "English widely spoken in tourist parts of Cairo, Alexandria and elsewhere, but not universally; many drivers do not speak English. Supports a limited visitor-area match." } ], "reviewNotes": "Follow-up review: the earlier six filter matches relied too heavily on broad tourism promotion. Arabic remains the everyday match; English retains independently corroborated visitor-route use; Russian is scoped to main resorts based on guide evidence. French, Spanish and Italian remain documented provider-dependent options, excluded from country matching. This is an editorial threshold decision, not proof those languages are unavailable.", "localLanguages": [ { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Selected guides, tours and visitor services; confirm your provider’s language in advance.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism", "guide" ] }, { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Selected guides, tours and visitor services; confirm your provider’s language in advance.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism", "guide" ] }, { "id": "it", "label": "Italian", "scope": "Selected guides, tours and visitor services; confirm your provider’s language in advance.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism", "guide" ] } ], "languageIds": [ "ar", "en", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Ethiopia", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Amharic helps across regions; English is most useful in Addis and visitor services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "am", "label": "Amharic", "scope": "Shared language, with regional differences.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "om", "label": "Oromo", "scope": "Oromia and the central/southern highlands.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ti", "label": "Tigrinya", "scope": "Tigray; travel access must be checked.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "so", "label": "Somali", "scope": "Somali regional state; travel access must be checked.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Addis Ababa and established visitor services; rural gaps.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Ethiopia, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ethiopia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide locates major regional languages and limited urban English; convention bureau corroborates English for international visitors.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Ethiopian Convention Bureau — why Ethiopia", "url": "https://etcb.et/why-ethiopia/", "publisher": "Ethiopian Convention Bureau", "evidenceNote": "Promotes English communication for international visitors and conferences; scope narrowed to Addis Ababa and visitor services alongside guide evidence." } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "am", "om", "ti", "so", "en" ] }, { "country": "Ghana", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "English is a useful shared language; Twi helps in Akan-speaking areas.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Broad shared language; fluency varies locally.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "tw", "label": "Twi", "scope": "Ashanti and other Akan-speaking areas.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Ghana, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ghana#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "English lingua franca; Twi/Fante useful in Akan regions. Other community languages remain outside this focused shortlist.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "en", "tw" ] }, { "country": "Kenya", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Swahili is the shared local language; English is useful in towns and tourism.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "sw", "label": "Swahili", "scope": "Widely used interethnic lingua franca.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Urban areas and visitor services; rural fluency varies.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Kenya, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide states multilingual Swahili use and working English knowledge, especially urban; Swahili more useful rurally.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "sw", "en" ] }, { "country": "Libya", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Arabic is local; English helps in Tripoli and Benghazi, with major gaps elsewhere.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Libyan Arabic in daily life; standard Arabic differs.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tripoli and Benghazi urban services; rarely used elsewhere.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Libya, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Libya#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide explicitly describes urban English use in Tripoli and Benghazi, with little use elsewhere; Italian remains limited. Language evidence does not establish travel feasibility.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "ar", "en" ] }, { "country": "Madagascar", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Malagasy is local; French is the more reliable option for independent visitors.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "mg", "label": "Malagasy", "scope": "Everyday language across the island.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Parks, towns and established visitor routes.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Madagascar, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Madagascar#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide describes Malagasy daily use and French in tourist areas; a few English-speaking hotel/park staff are insufficient for a broad match.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "mg", "fr" ] }, { "country": "Mauritius", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Creole and French are common locally; English is useful in tourism.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "mfe", "label": "Mauritian Creole", "scope": "Common everyday language.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Broad social, business and visitor use.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourism services; local conversational fluency varies.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Mauritius, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritius#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide distinguishes Creole/French daily use from tourism English. Legal status claims in travel brochures are not used.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority — island guide", "url": "https://www.mymauritius.travel/sites/default/files/pdf/Mauritius-Brochure-Passport-Size-LR2_1.pdf", "publisher": "Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority", "evidenceNote": "Lists French, English and Creole among island languages; everyday versus visitor-use distinction comes from the travel guide, not legal status." } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "mfe", "fr", "en" ] }, { "country": "Morocco", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Darija and Amazigh varieties are local; French is useful, with English on visitor routes.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Darija in everyday speech; standard Arabic differs.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "shi", "label": "Tashelhit", "scope": "Southwestern Amazigh-speaking communities.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "tzm", "label": "Central Atlas Tamazight", "scope": "Central Atlas Amazigh-speaking communities.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Widely useful second language in towns and services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "es", "label": "Spanish", "scope": "Northern Morocco; also some southern visitor services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Marrakech, Taghazout and established visitor services; gaps elsewhere.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Morocco, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide distinguishes Darija, Tashelhit in the southwest, Central Atlas Tamazight and French. English is concentrated in destinations such as Marrakech/Taghazout. Spanish is geographically limited.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Moroccan National Tourist Office — language", "url": "https://www.visitmorocco.com/en/content/language", "publisher": "Moroccan National Tourist Office", "evidenceNote": "Arabic and Amazigh local languages, French broadly understood, Spanish especially useful in northern and southern regions. Broad promotional claims are narrowed in the editorial scope." } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "ar", "shi", "tzm", "fr", "es", "en" ] }, { "country": "Mozambique", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Portuguese is the shared language; English helps on established visitor routes.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "pt", "label": "Portuguese", "scope": "Shared language; more limited in remote rural areas.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "sw", "label": "Swahili", "scope": "Far northern coast near Tanzania; regional use.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ny", "label": "Nyanja", "scope": "Areas near the Malawi and Zambia borders.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Maputo and established tourist areas; less reliable northward.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Mozambique, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mozambique#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide explicitly locates English, northern Swahili and border Nyanja; not a nationwide claim.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "pt", "sw", "ny", "en" ] }, { "country": "Namibia", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "English and Afrikaans are useful; German helps in selected towns.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Common shared language and visitor services; fluency varies.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "af", "label": "Afrikaans", "scope": "Broad use, particularly central and southern areas.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "de", "label": "German", "scope": "German-speaking communities in Windhoek and Swakopmund.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Namibia, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide supports English and Afrikaans shared use, and German-speaking communities and commercial use in Windhoek/Swakopmund. German is not inferred to cover generic tourist services nationwide.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "en", "af", "de" ] }, { "country": "Nigeria", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "English helps in cities; Pidgin and regional languages shape everyday communication.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Urban shared language; rural fluency can be limited.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "pcm", "label": "Nigerian Pidgin", "scope": "Informal everyday communication; distinct from standard English.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ha", "label": "Hausa", "scope": "Northern Nigeria; check local travel warnings.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "yo", "label": "Yoruba", "scope": "Southwestern Nigeria, including Lagos.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Nigeria, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide distinguishes standard English from Pidgin and locates Hausa/Yoruba. No inference that English proficiency is universal.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "en", "pcm", "ha", "yo" ] }, { "country": "Rwanda", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Kinyarwanda is the shared local language; English and French help in Kigali services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "rw", "label": "Kinyarwanda", "scope": "Primary everyday language across the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Kigali visitor contacts; rural coverage is limited.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "French-speaking urban contacts; confirm service language.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Rwanda, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rwanda#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Country guide describes broad Kinyarwanda, and generational/regional English and French differences. The university visitor guide describes practical French and limited educated English/French contacts. Visitor matches are narrow editorial inferences; Swahili trade use is not a broad tourist match.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "University of Global Health Equity — Rwanda visitor guide", "url": "https://ughe.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/UGHEs-Rwanda-Visitor-Guide.pdf", "publisher": "University of Global Health Equity", "evidenceNote": "Kinyarwanda is the primary language; English and French are associated with secondary education and are not universal. This older guide is a limitation/corroboration, not a current prevalence measure." } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "rw", "en", "fr" ] }, { "country": "Senegal", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Wolof and French are practical choices; English is less broadly useful.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "wo", "label": "Wolof", "scope": "Widespread everyday lingua franca.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Business, towns and visitor services; fluency varies.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Senegal, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Senegal#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide describes widespread Wolof and French visitor use; some merchants knowing English is below the broad threshold.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "wo", "fr" ] }, { "country": "South Africa", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "English works in most visitor services; local languages vary by province.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Urban lingua franca and visitor services; rural gaps.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "af", "label": "Afrikaans", "scope": "Western/Northern Cape and other Afrikaans-speaking areas.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "zu", "label": "Zulu", "scope": "KwaZulu-Natal and other Zulu-speaking communities.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "xh", "label": "Xhosa", "scope": "Eastern Cape and Xhosa-speaking communities.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — South Africa, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide locates major everyday languages; tourism authority confirms English visitor use. Other official languages retain legal details separately.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "South African Tourism — visitor essentials", "url": "https://www.southafrica.net/na/en/travel/category/what-you-need-to-know", "publisher": "South African Tourism", "evidenceNote": "English widely spoken and used for information signs. Outdated official-language total on this page is not used; legal list remains separately sourced." } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "en", "af", "zu", "xh" ] }, { "country": "Tanzania", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Swahili is the everyday lingua franca; English is useful for tourism.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "sw", "label": "Swahili", "scope": "Broad everyday use on the mainland and Zanzibar.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Safari, coastal and other established visitor services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Tanzania, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tanzania#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide distinguishes broad Swahili from narrower English; parks visitor brochure supports English travel use.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Tanzania National Parks — travel tips", "url": "https://www.za.tzembassy.go.tz/uploads/Tanzania_National_Parks_2014_Eng_Brochure.pdf", "publisher": "Tanzania National Parks / Embassy of Tanzania", "evidenceNote": "Swahili is the national language and English is used for visitors. The older brochure is corroborated by current national guide context; English scope is limited to tourism services." } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "sw", "en" ] }, { "country": "Tunisia", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "Tunisian Arabic is local; French is useful broadly and English in tourist zones.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ar", "label": "Arabic", "scope": "Tunisian Arabic in daily life; standard Arabic differs.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "fr", "label": "French", "scope": "Widely used second language in towns and services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Tourist-zone hotels, shops and established visitor services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Tunisia, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tunisia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide and EURAXESS support French and tourist-zone English; German/Italian/Russian less extensive and unestablished as broad matches.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "EURAXESS Tunisia — language and culture", "url": "https://www.euraxess.tn/tunisia/information-et-assistance/language-culture", "publisher": "EURAXESS Tunisia", "evidenceNote": "French useful with authorities; English widely understood in tourist-zone hotels and shops, with German, Italian and Russian less extensive. Only English and French meet this review’s broad visitor threshold." } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "ar", "fr", "en" ] }, { "country": "Uganda", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "English is a useful shared language; Luganda helps around Kampala.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Shared language and visitor services; fluency varies.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "lg", "label": "Luganda", "scope": "Kampala and Buganda.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Uganda, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Uganda#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide supports English lingua franca and Kampala Luganda; Swahili is unevenly used and not established for broad visitor communication.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "en", "lg" ] }, { "country": "Zambia", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "English is useful in towns and tourism; Bemba and Nyanja help regionally.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Towns and visitor services; rural fluency varies.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "bem", "label": "Bemba", "scope": "Copperbelt and northern areas.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ny", "label": "Nyanja", "scope": "Lusaka and eastern areas.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Zambia, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zambia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Tourism source supports hospitality English; country guide locates Bemba and Nyanja.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Zambia Tourism — general visitor information", "url": "https://www.zambiatourism.com/travel-info/general-info/", "publisher": "Zambia Tourism", "evidenceNote": "English used in media/business and by hospitality workers; Bemba and Nyanja among common local languages." } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "en", "bem", "ny" ] }, { "country": "Zimbabwe", "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "summary": "English is useful for visitors; Shona and Ndebele are major local languages.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Shared language and established visitor services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "sn", "label": "Shona", "scope": "Much of central/eastern Zimbabwe.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "nd", "label": "Northern Ndebele", "scope": "Matabeleland, including Bulawayo.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Zimbabwe, Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Guide identifies English, Shona and Ndebele as most useful practical languages; official list remains separate.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "reviewNotes": "Focused screening of major practical languages and selected regional lingua francas; omissions mean not established, not absence. Everyday and visitor scope is editorially inferred from explicit language-use evidence.", "languageIds": [ "en", "sn", "nd" ] }, { "country": "Australia", "summary": "English is broadly usable; local accents and idioms may take some getting used to.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "General visitor communication and everyday services throughout the country.", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Australia: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Australia#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk explicitly describes English as universally spoken and understood, with distinctive accents and idioms. Multilingual immigrant communities do not alone establish broad visitor service in other languages.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Tourism Australia — Key facts", "url": "https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/about-australia/key-facts-about-australia.html", "publisher": "Tourism Australia", "evidenceNote": "Tourism overview identifies English as the country’s language; practical reach supported by the Talk guide rather than legal status alone." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en" ] }, { "country": "New Zealand", "summary": "English is broadly usable; Māori is important in Māori communities, cultural visits, greetings and place names.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "General visitor communication and everyday services.", "sourceIds": [ "guide", "tourism" ] }, { "id": "mi", "label": "Māori", "scope": "Māori communities and cultural settings; not a substitute for English nationwide.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — New Zealand: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk identifies English as the overwhelmingly common primary language; the source’s legal-status wording is not used to amend the separate official-language record.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Tourism New Zealand — Te Reo Māori", "url": "https://www.newzealand.com/uk/feature/maori-language/", "publisher": "Tourism New Zealand", "evidenceNote": "Describes English as primary, more than 200,000 Māori speakers and Māori words used in everyday New Zealand English." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "en", "mi" ] }, { "country": "Papua New Guinea", "summary": "Tok Pisin is the main shared language; English helps in urban and visitor services. Local guides help in rural areas.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "tpi", "label": "Tok Pisin", "scope": "Widely used shared language across most regions; many communities also have local languages.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] }, { "id": "ho", "label": "Hiri Motu", "scope": "Southern Papua communities, especially Central Province; less widespread than Tok Pisin.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Urban centres, hotels and guided visitor services; not dependable in every rural community.", "sourceIds": [ "tourism", "faq" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage — Papua New Guinea: Talk", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea#Talk", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk distinguishes Tok Pisin from English, documents Hiri Motu in Papua and notes multilingual signage. Legal language status alone does not establish universal English.", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "PNG Tourism Promotion Authority — Languages spoken in PNG", "url": "https://papuanewguinea.travel/travel-tips/languages-spoken-in-papua-new-guinea/", "publisher": "Papua New Guinea Tourism Promotion Authority", "evidenceNote": "Documents daily Tok Pisin as a lingua franca, southern Hiri Motu, and English used in urban centres, hotels and guided tours. Explicitly warns rural English fluency varies." }, { "id": "faq", "label": "PNG Tourism Promotion Authority — FAQs", "url": "https://papuanewguinea.travel/faqs/", "publisher": "Papua New Guinea Tourism Promotion Authority", "evidenceNote": "Says many understand English but Tok Pisin is the common creole throughout the country." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "languageIds": [ "tpi", "ho", "en" ] }, { "country": "Kyrgyzstan", "summary": "Kyrgyz is local; Russian is widely useful, especially in Bishkek. English needs advance planning.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ky", "label": "Kyrgyz", "scope": "Everyday language, especially outside Bishkek", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Widely used in cities and interethnic communication; not universal in rural areas", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "localLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Some guides and visitor businesses; arrange language support in advance", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Kyrgyzstan travel guide (CC BY-SA 4.0)", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan#Talk", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for practical language use and limits; adapted summary under CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "English is described as rarely spoken by the country guide; isolated English-speaking staff are not enough for a positive country match. Minority languages are not inferred from ethnicity or linguistic similarity.", "languageIds": [ "ky", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Tajikistan", "summary": "Tajik is local; Russian helps with interethnic communication. English is limited.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "tg", "label": "Tajik", "scope": "Main everyday language; Cyrillic script", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Widely used interethnic language in commerce and cities", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "localLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Some guides and service staff; confirm support before travel", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Tajikistan travel guide (CC BY-SA 4.0)", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tajikistan#Talk", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for practical language use and limits; adapted summary under CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Kept Tajik separate from Persian, following existing Uzbekistan and Iran labels; no automatic Persian match from mutual intelligibility. English remains a provider-dependent note rather than a country match.", "languageIds": [ "tg", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Turkmenistan", "summary": "Turkmen is local; Russian is useful in Ashgabat and among older speakers. Arrange guide languages ahead.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "tk", "label": "Turkmen", "scope": "Main everyday language", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ru", "label": "Russian", "scope": "Established urban use, especially Ashgabat and older speakers; not universal", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [], "localLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Arranged tourism services and some guides; confirm before booking", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Turkmenistan travel guide (CC BY-SA 4.0)", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turkmenistan#Talk", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for practical language use and limits; adapted summary under CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "No Turkish, Uzbek or Kazakh match from linguistic similarity alone. English is not treated as generally useful outside arranged services.", "languageIds": [ "tk", "ru" ] }, { "country": "Pakistan", "summary": "Urdu is the common bridge language; regional languages are strong. English helps in city and visitor services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "ur", "label": "Urdu", "scope": "Widely used common language across linguistic regions", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "pa", "label": "Punjabi", "scope": "Everyday language in Punjab; usually written in Shahmukhi in Pakistan", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "sd", "label": "Sindhi", "scope": "Everyday language in Sindh; Urdu is also common in cities", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ps", "label": "Pashto", "scope": "Everyday language in Pashto-speaking parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Established urban hotels and visitor services; proficiency varies greatly by location and person", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "localLanguages": [], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Pakistan travel guide (CC BY-SA 4.0)", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pakistan#Talk", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for practical language use and limits; adapted summary under CC BY-SA 4.0." } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Regional languages are broad everyday communities, not promises of nationwide use. Hindi is not automatically added from Urdu similarity. Practical language coverage does not override travel warnings.", "languageIds": [ "ur", "pa", "sd", "ps", "en" ] }, { "country": "Taiwan", "summary": "Mandarin is the common language; Taiwanese Hokkien is widespread. English and Japanese help in selected visitor services.", "mainLanguages": [ { "id": "cmn", "label": "Mandarin Chinese", "scope": "Common language across the island; traditional Chinese writing", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "nan", "label": "Taiwanese Hokkien", "scope": "Widespread everyday use, especially central and southern Taiwan", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "visitorLanguages": [ { "id": "en", "label": "English", "scope": "Major hotels, airports and established visitor services; less reliable in smaller businesses", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ja", "label": "Japanese", "scope": "Selected major visitor attractions, hotels and airport shops, especially Taipei", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] } ], "localLanguages": [ { "id": "hak", "label": "Hakka", "scope": "Regional communities, especially Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Miaoli; not used as a country match", "sourceIds": [ "guide" ] }, { "id": "ko", "label": "Korean", "scope": "Tourist hotline and translated signs; these do not establish routine spoken visitor coverage", "sourceIds": [ "tourism", "transport" ] } ], "reviewedExtras": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide", "label": "Wikivoyage contributors — Taiwan travel guide (CC BY-SA 4.0)", "url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Taiwan#Talk", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "licenseUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "publisher": "Wikivoyage contributors", "evidenceNote": "Talk section inspected for practical language use and limits; adapted summary under CC BY-SA 4.0." }, { "id": "tourism", "label": "Taiwan Tourism Administration — practical visitor support", "url": "https://eng.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0002064" }, { "id": "transport", "label": "Taiwan Tourism Administration — English and Japanese guided visitor services", "url": "https://eng.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0029022" } ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-16", "reviewNotes": "Do not infer Korean communication from translated signs or one hotline. National-language legal status is distinct from practical nationwide use; smaller Indigenous languages and Matsu speech are not country-wide matches.", "languageIds": [ "cmn", "nan", "en", "ja" ] } ], "screenedLanguages": [ "en", "es", "fr", "ar", "pt", "cmn", "de", "ru", "it", "ja", "ko", "hi", "sw" ], "minimumCountryCount": 3, "optionSort": "Country count descending; alphabetical language label for ties", "dropdownPolicy": "Only languages with at least three matching tracked countries are selectable. Counts use distinct countries before other filters. All eligible options appear, ordered by country count; search preserves that order." }